Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity and readability. It’s widely used for web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and more.

# Simple Python program
print("Hello, World!")

Practice printing your name:

print("Your Name")

Python supports various data types:

# Integer
age = 25
# Float
price = 19.99
# String
name = "Alice"
# Boolean
is_student = True

Practice assigning a variable:

name = "Your Name"
print(name)

Python supports arithmetic and comparison operations:

# Arithmetic
sum = 5 + 3
product = 4 * 6
# Comparison
is_equal = (5 == 5)

Practice an operation:

a = 10
b = 5
print(a + b)

Use if, elif, and else for conditional logic:

age = 18
if age < 13:
    print("Child")
elif age < 18:
    print("Teenager")
else:
    print("Adult")

Practice a conditional:

score = 85
if score >= 80:
    print("Pass")

Python supports for and while loops:

# For loop
for i in range(5):
    print(i)
# While loop
count = 0
while count < 5:
    print(count)
    count += 1

Practice a loop:

for i in range(3):
    print("Loop")

Use break, continue, and pass to control loops:

for i in range(10):
    if i == 5:
        break
    print(i)

Practice loop control:

for i in range(5):
    if i == 2:
        continue
    print(i)

Define functions with the def keyword:

def greet(name):
    print(f"Hello, {name}!")
greet("Alice")

Practice defining a function:

def hello():
    print("Hi!")
hello()

Functions can return values:

def square(n):
    return n * n
print(square(4))

Practice a return function:

def double(x):
    return x * 2
print(double(5))

Functions can have default and keyword arguments:

def greet(name, msg="Hello"):
    print(f"{msg}, {name}!")
greet("Bob", msg="Hi")

Practice a default argument:

def welcome(name, msg="Welcome"):
    print(f"{msg}, {name}!")
welcome("Alice")

Lists are mutable, ordered collections:

fruits = ["apple", "banana"]
fruits.append("cherry")
print(fruits)

Practice list operations:

numbers = [1, 2]
numbers.append(3)
print(numbers)

Tuples are immutable, ordered collections:

point = (1, 2)
print(point[0])

Practice tuple access:

coords = (5, 10)
print(coords[1])

Dictionaries store key-value pairs:

person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}
print(person["name"])

Practice dictionary access:

data = {"key": "value"}
print(data["key"])

Sets store unique, unordered items:

nums = {1, 2, 2}
print(nums)

Practice set creation:

items = {"a", "b", "b"}
print(items)

Classes define objects:

class Dog:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
    def bark(self):
        print("Woof!")
dog = Dog("Buddy")
dog.bark()

Practice a class:

class Car:
    def __init__(self, model):
        self.model = model
    def drive(self):
        print("Vroom!")
car = Car("Toyota")
car.drive()

Inheritance allows code reuse:

class Animal:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
    def speak(self):
        pass
class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        print("Meow")
cat = Cat("Whiskers")
cat.speak()

Practice inheritance:

class Vehicle:
    def move(self):
        print("Moving")
class Bike(Vehicle):
    def move(self):
        print("Pedaling")
bike = Bike()
bike.move()

Special methods customize behavior:

class Point:
    def __init__(self, x):
        self.x = x
    def __str__(self):
        return f"Point({self.x})"
p = Point(5)
print(p)

Practice a special method:

class Item:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name
item = Item("Book")
print(item)

Common Python errors include:

• SyntaxError: Invalid syntax
• NameError: Undefined variable
• ZeroDivisionError: Divide by zero

x = 10 / 0 # ZeroDivisionError

Handle errors with try-except:

try:
    x = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Cannot divide by zero")

Practice error handling:

try:
    num = int("abc")
except ValueError:
    print("Invalid number")

Raise custom errors with raise:

age = 5
if age < 10:
    raise ValueError("Age too low")

Practice raising an error:

value = -1
if value < 0:
    raise ValueError("Negative value")

Strings are immutable character sequences:

text = "Python"
print(text[0:2])

Practice string slicing:

word = "Code"
print(word[0:2])

Common string methods include upper() and strip():

text = "  hello  "
print(text.strip().upper())

Practice a string method:

text = "python"
print(text.capitalize())

Use f-strings for formatting:

name = "Alice"
print(f"Hi, {name}!")

Practice formatting:

age = 25
print(f"Age: {age}")

Import standard library modules:

import math
print(math.sqrt(16))

Practice importing:

import math
print(math.pi)

Use random for randomization:

import random
print(random.randint(1, 10))

Practice random:

import random
print(random.choice(["a", "b"]))

Install packages with pip:

# Command line
pip install requests

Note: External package installation not supported here.

Create lists concisely:

squares = [x**2 for x in range(5)]
print(squares)

Practice a comprehension:

evens = [x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]
print(evens)

Generators yield values one at a time:

def count(n):
    i = 0
    while i < n:
        yield i
        i += 1
for x in count(3):
    print(x)

Practice a generator:

def nums(n):
    for i in range(n):
        yield i
for x in nums(3):
    print(x)

Decorators wrap functions:

def deco(func):
    def wrapper():
        print("Start")
        func()
    return wrapper
@deco
def say():
    print("Hello")
say()

Practice a decorator:

def log(func):
    def wrapper():
        print("Log")
        func()
    return wrapper
@log
def test():
    print("Test")
test()

Effective project planning:

• Goals: Define the purpose
• Steps: Break into tasks
• Tools: Choose modules

Create a guessing game:

import random
num = random.randint(1, 5)
guess = int(input("Guess: "))
if guess == num:
    print("Correct!")

Practice a simple program:

num = 5
if int(input("Enter: ")) == num:
    print("Match!")

Track changes with Git:

# Terminal commands
git add .
git commit -m "Update"

Career options with Python:

• Data Scientist: Analyze data
• Web Developer: Use Django/Flask
• AI Engineer: Build models